Gerrymandering is the practice of drawing electoral districts to favor the election of representatives from one political party. –The Supreme Court ruled that districts must be drawn compact, contiguous, and have roughly equal populations. Here is a draft of my paper on how to define such a standard. Terms in this set (18) Population equality. Gerrymandering is the practice of (re)drawing electoral district boundaries to advance the interests of the controlling political faction. Metric of how tightly the area of a shape is packed into its boundary. Instead, they have more ordinary shapes similar … generate_geographical_compactness.js: This file generates compactness.csv, which contains the Polsby-Popper score for each district. It is measured mathematically by calculating a district’s area in proportion to its perimeter to give a measure of how efficiently the district contains its area. The less it looks like a circle, the more we should be wary of gerrymandering. For this reason, quantifying the shape of districts, in particular their compactness, is a key task in politics and civil rights. • Calculate various measures of compactness on simple “toy” regions 75. Most of the methods require some basic geometric statistics about the shapes, so it’s a good idea to calculate the perimeter and area of the district (which we have included in the data). 1) What are the seven different criteria/goals that they outline as possible ways to draw district lines? Let’s look at just one possible constraint on plans: compactness. Compactness. 2.1 Measuring Compactness When people think of measuring gerrymandering, the rst kind of metric that comes to mind is generally one that tries to measure the compactness of a district. 2.1 Measuring Compactness When people think of measuring gerrymandering, the rst kind of metric that comes to mind is generally one that tries to measure the compactness of a district. Compactness Matters. Congressional District Compactness, Gerrymandering By State Geographic analysis measures compactness of each congressional district. JEL. Compactness:aMathematicalIntroduction AnthonyE.Pizzimenti TheUniversityofIowaDepartmentofMathematics anthony-pizzimenti@uiowa.edu Revised:January5,2021 October 5, 2021. Gerrymandering. The state courts also check to make sure the districts have population equality, contiguity, census, and compactness. Partisan gerrymander. I’d call this partisan gerrymandering, as opposed to geographic bias. Compactness refers to the principle that the constituents residing within an electoral district should live as near to one another as possible Compactness can be measured as a ratio of the circumference of a district and its total area. I should mention that compactness is but one measure to consider when it comes to gerrymandering, and there has been a ton of other research around the topic. I don’t suggest that compactness is the end-all to measure whether gerrymandering exists. When we gerrymandered the country to favor Republicans, this is what the congressional map looked like: There has been an explosion of gerrymandering in popular discourse over the past few years — from the pages of Teen Vogue to the theme of 5K races.It has coincided with the rise of a perception among some on the left … The shape of an electoral district may suggest whether it was drawn with political motivations, or gerrymandered. When we gerrymandered the country to favor Republicans, this is what the congressional map looked like: There has been an explosion of gerrymandering in popular discourse over the past few years — from the pages of Teen Vogue to the theme of 5K races.It has coincided with the rise of a perception among some on the left … the drawing of legislative district boundary lines to give the dominant party an advantage. PVI. HELENA, Mont. However, each of these categories is given different weight depending on its importance in capturing gerrymandering. The language varies from state to state, but generally requires redistricting plans to contain geographically compact districts. What is gerrymandering? One of the telltale signs of … Packing. Our analysis thus far suggests that in a narrow election like the one in 2020, the results of the 2011 Republican-drawn state Senate map are little different than the results from any other map drawn in accordance with Wisconsin’s principles of contiguity, compactness, and respect for municipal boundaries. Two main arguments: 1. Visual tool with powerful analytics. While gerrymandering has been occurring for centuries, in the past decade alone the Supreme Court has heard cases that address both partisan and racial gerrymandering. codes: K16. A compactness rule also exists in Pennsylvania, and was at the forefront in February 2018, when that state's Supreme Court decided on a lawsuit arguing that its 2011 legislative maps were a partisan gerrymander. Extreme gerrymandering requires eccentrically shaped districts Local Variability. Moon Duchin's talk "Political Geometry: Voting Districts, ''Compactness," and Ideas About Fairness" is quite accessible, and she goes into deeper depth about the nuanced difficulties faced by compactness scores, what helps the judicial system to trust a mathematical metric, and the political process in the US in general.She was personally involved in the effort … The word "gerrymander" was coined in 1812 after Massachusetts governor Elbridge Gerry signed into law a salamander-shaped district. country lines, rivers, mountains. gerrymandering, in U.S. politics, the practice of drawing the boundaries of electoral districts in a way that gives one political party an unfair advantage over its rivals (political or partisan gerrymandering) or that dilutes the voting power of members of ethnic or linguistic minority groups (racial gerrymandering). Gerrymandering reduces competitiveness. Despite express statutory prohibitions on partisan gerrymandering, it appears that Oregon will remain gerrymandered for at least another decade. Disclaimer This project was created solely out of curiosity: I had heard a lot about partisan gerrymandering, and wanted to know if my district could be gerrymandered. As with the compactness measures, we consider computer simulations to be outside the scope of this article, in spite of their status as an important technique for quantifying gerrymandering. Compactness intuitively refers to both how close a legislative district’s boundaries are to its geographic center and how “regular” in shape a district appears to be. party in control draws lines to favor itself and limit opportunities of oppositions. known to give the minority party an electoral advantage at the expense of the dominant party. gerrymandering. The most compact possible shape is a perfect circle. Algorithms like this one prioritize compactness -- that is, ensuring that voters are geographically close together. Compactness metrics One of the “traditional” redistricting principles, low compactness is often a sign of potential gerrymandering by courts, state law and the academic literature. compactness constraints reduces the ability of parties to reach ex-treme gerrymanders. There are multiple different definitions of gerrymandering. Bipartisan gerrymander. None has consensus support. 2) How do the resulting national redistricting maps look different depending on which criteria they pick? A lot of attention is therefore paid to the shape of districts, especially since - unlike other metrics - it is easy to evaluate visually. 3 most fundamental concepts of redistricting. gerrymandering, and Justices White, Brennan, Blackmun and Marshall cited it as a useful criterion. Republican gerrymandering. We assume in this study that, for a given … The Cook Partisan Voting Index (PVI) measures how strongly a district leans towards the Democratic or Republican party compared to the nation as a whole. We assume in this study that, for a given … See the equation Average ... that disregards compactness in favor of homogeneity can result in wonky regions that might appear to be products of gerrymandering or spatial p-hacking rather than suitable representations of neighborhoods. You want to win in 6 of the districts. One common compactness measure, usually referenced as the Reock or Dispersion measure, is the ratio of the area of a … Partisan gerrymandering is when the opposing party tries to gerrymander the opponent’s incumbents out of office. Outside experts agree that the plan is flawed, with the nonpartisan Princeton Gerrymandering Project giving it a grade of “F” for fairness and geographic compactness. ... as one of the most gerrymandered states in the country both on the congressional and state levels based on lack of compactness and contiguity of its districts." Districts with higher ratios are said to be less compact. Software for Redistricting and Measuring Compactness. My preferred solution to gerrymandering is to draw legislative districts in the most compact form possible. In fact, there are a number of ways of measuring compactness; some are better than others, but many measure di erent types of compactness. Cracking. Packing. The Gerrymandering Project Redistricting has a huge effect on U.S. politics but is greatly misunderstood. The term gerrymandering is named after American politician Elbridge Gerry (pronounced with a hard “g”; “Gherry”), Vice President of the United States at the time of his death, who, as Governor of Massachusetts in 1812, signed a bill that created a partisan district in the Boston area that was compared to the shape of a …. Compactness is a common state-imposed requirement for redistricting plans. The state courts also check to make sure the districts have population equality, contiguity, census, and compactness. The original gerrymander was named for its peculiar shape and it is intuitively desirable to expect to live near people within the same district. Majority party draws district lines to gain an advantage. zSome believe that it’s biased against certain political parties and minorities. The program prioritizes compactness and equal population in each district, and the results make a lot more sense than districts drawn by people, and they certainly look better on paper. The Princeton Gerrymandering Project graded the state legislative map on partisan fairness and it received an F. Its districts will still be used in the 2022 midterm election. compactness acts as a \prophylactic measure that limits the possibil-ity of legislative gerrymandering" (Stern, 1974). Which of Chicago’s districts appear to be the most gerrymandered? GERRYMANDERING AND COMPACTNESS Gerrymandering and Compactness After completing this section, students should be able to; • Develop quantitative measures of compactness that can indicate the presence of gerrymandering of the lack of it. We show that at least two distinct components of shape--dispersion and perimeter length--are necessary elements of any reasonable compactness measure and that compactness may be based on … HELENA, Mont. The Apportionment Act of 1901, many court decisions, and 18 state constitutions require compactness for U.S. House districts, and 37 states require their legislative districts to be compact (see j.mp/aRED). COMPACTNESS & THE LAW Let’s Look at Compactness as it’s used in the Law andh C t i itd how Courts view it. There are two main ways… answer choices. outcomes, compactness and contiguity criteria, along with the fact that Democratic voters are more likely to reside in more densely populated areas, say, may naturally “pack” Democrats into fewer districts with the same result as an intentional gerrymander. I don’t suggest that compactness is the end-all to measure whether gerrymandering exists. GERRYMANDERING AND COMPACTNESS Gerrymandering and Compactness After completing this section, students should be able to; • Develop quantitative measures of compactness that can indicate the presence of gerrymandering of the lack of it. Compactness is a legally recognized districting principle with a clear geometric flavor. … North Carolina’s strategy has been to cram minority voters into Districts 1 … Bipartisan gerrymandering is when both parties make an agreement to maintain status quo. Keywords: gerrymandering, redistricting, compactness, representation, polar- zSome believe Compactness is the prime defense against gerrymandering You draw the boundaries of the districts so that 6 … Bipartisan gerrymandering is when both parties make an agreement to maintain status quo. Compactness (Redistricting) ill defined, shapes spread all over the place, Geographic/Political Boundaries. Elbridge Gerry of … Prof. If gerrymandering is a bad way to draw districts, what happens when you try other ways? Less compact is more squiggly. Explain what each of the seven mean. Nineteen state constitutions still contain a compactness requirement (Barabas and Jerit, 2004). Compactness. “Gerrymandering,” Mr. Hogan told CNN on Sunday, “I think, is a cancer on our politics. A metric is to measure " [the] ratio of the circumference of a district and its total area". Districts must be drawn in one continuous shape. Dividing up an opposing parties voters into as … ... Partisan Gerrymandering. As with the compactness measures, we consider computer simulations to be outside the scope of this article, in spite of their status as an important technique for quantifying gerrymandering. Democrat Proposals Gerrymander Congressional Districts. In fact, there are a number of ways of measuring compactness; some are better than others, but many measure di erent types of compactness. legislation passed in southern states to limit African American participation in elections. In response to the 2021 redistricting cycle, the Princeton Gerrymandering Project developed this report card as a tool to help the public identify gerrymandered maps. Maptitude for Redistricting is the easy to use, professional tool for political redistricting. Prong #1 is the subject of my Gerrymandering Theorem post below (and my specific … But each of these proxies may also be imperfect: people with common interests don’t generally look to geometric shapes — or even strict political lines — when they consider where they want to live. % Votes. In 2018, litigation relating to gerrymandering was Who or […] COMPACTNESS & THE LAW zMost states have generic language for compactness requirementscompactness requirements ... – Compactness and ContiguityCompactness and Contiguity within their scope to regulate), but that a manageable standard does not, in their view, yet exist. and reproducibly calculate a variety of compactness scores. First, what is it? Democrat Proposals Gerrymander Congressional Districts. That year, Elbridge Gerry, governor of Massachusetts, approved a state senate map that a political cartoonist thought resembled a salamander. (I’ll give you a hint, one is “Republican Gerrymandering” and another is “Compactness”). The closer a district is to looking like a circle, the more compact it is, and therefore the less likely it is to be biased. WHAT IS COMPACTNESS GOOD FOR? We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. The term is derived from the name of Governor Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts, whose administration enacted a law in 1812 defining new state senatorial districts. Must have same number of constituents. Tweet In Davis v.Bandemer and Vieth v.Jubelirer, the Supreme Court has held that partisan gerrymandering is justiciable (i.e. 2 RELATED WORK Democrats and Republicans are equally at fault. Gerrymandering . As we move into the 1990s, compactness of legislative districts is likely to take on greater importance because of its relevance to questions of racial and partisan discrimination. The score is sometimes used as an indication of the extent to which a voting district may be considered gerrymandered.. Compactness, Gerrymandering, and Population Distribution Allan Borodin, Omer Lev, Nisarg Shah and Tyrone Strangway Abstract Gerrymandering is the process of creating electoral districts for partisan advantage, allowing a party to win more seats than … ... Compactness rank: This is a way of evaluating the relative geographical compactness of … October 5, 2021. While gerrymandering has been occurring for centuries, in the past decade alone the Supreme Court has heard cases that address both partisan and racial gerrymandering. The goal of gerrymandering is to draw the boundaries of legislative districts so the party’s candidates win as many seats as possible. It’s bad no matter which party does it.” Judge … Any shape constraints generally limit the power of the map-drawer 2. Democrats won 235 seats under the current map, but win 249 under the compact map. 1. Compactness is also required in federal law as one of Almost as old as the nation itself, and used by both political parties, gerrymandering is the act of redrawing legislative district boundaries in a way that favors a particular party or candidate. Scores for … In 2020, Republicans accounted for approximately 35% of Maryland’s Congressional votes, but they’re unlikely to win even a single seat under this plan. Indeed, under the most stringent compactness constraints, the urban partysometimescannot even achieve its vote proportion. Compactness basically measures how ridiculous a district looks. Answer (1 of 5): The basic idea is really simple. Compact districts tend to resemble geometric shapes, such as squares, with straight … A growing body of literature suggests and analyzes compactness measures mathematically, but little consideration has been given to how these … In representative democracies, gerrymandering (/ ˈ dʒ ɛ r i m æ n d ər ɪ ŋ /, originally / ˈ ɡ ɛr i m æ n d ər ɪ ŋ /) is the political manipulation of electoral district boundaries with the intent of creating undue advantage for a party, group, or socio-economic class within the constituency. Existing measures of district compactness have di erent scales and \ideal districts" that must be understood to inter-pret a particular compactness result. The shape of an electoral district may suggest whether it was drawn with political motivations, or gerrymandered. [Districts 3, 4, 5, and 7] States can draw their own congressional districts, often allowing for creative shapes and sizes—and questionable constitutionality. Interestingly, the compactness of the original gerrymander suggests a readily acceptable stan-dard for measuring and assessing the compactness of legislative districts. The term is a portmanteau, coined in 1812 when people noticed that a district—approved by the then governor of Massachusetts, Elbridge Gerry—resembled a salamander [ 20 ]. However, each of these categories is given different weight depending on its importance in capturing gerrymandering. Continguity. Gerrymandering is the intentional drawing of district map lines to garner a specific outcome, generally benefitting a specific party. The term, gerrymandering, the political practice of redrawing district boundaries to favor a particular political party, originated in 1812. Gerrymandering is the practice of designing political districts whose shapes serve some agenda, often the consolidation of power by a political party or the disenfranchisement of a group such as a minority population. 4An important argument against the use of compactness as a districting principle is that it may disadvantage certain population subgroups. Each district must be one continuous shape, no land islands. For example, Pennsylvania's 7th congressional district, often described as a silhouette of Goofy kicking Donald Duck, received attention as an egregious example of … HOW TO GERRYMANDER America’s Most Gerrymandered Congressional District What is compactness? There is however considerable disagreement over what is meant by ‘compact’ (the mathematical notion of compactness|closed and Suppose you have an excellent idea of how each person will vote. Suppose you have to form 11 districts of 101 voters each. Terms. In the process of setting up districts for elections, gerrymandering is the practice of gaining a political advantage for a particular party by manipulating the district boundaries. Thirty ve US states now require that constituencies be compact (Chambers and Miller, 2009). To measure gerrymandering, then, I’ll compare each state’s current map to the compact maps. Shortly after the Supreme Court heard arguments on partisan gerrymandering, our group convened a conference in Madison, Wisconsin to discuss that case and the national scope of the gerrymandering challenge. However, in most cases, the compactness requirement allows forrelativelygreater rural-party gerrymander-ing. 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